3/16/2023 0 Comments Ne x the talos principle image![]() ![]() This introduction presents an overview of key concepts discussed in the subsequent ch1apters of this book. These findings may be especially valuable to neuroscientists and to functional neurosurgeons in particular for the planning of tumor resections as well as for the choice of the best targets for therapeutic neuromodulation. The present survey shows that: (i) the number of well-documented single-cases of acquired sociopathy is surprisingly small given the length of the historical record (ii) acquired sociopathy was significantly more frequent in men after an injury of the right or of both cerebral hemispheres and (iii) in most women who developed acquired sociopathy the injuries affected both cerebral hemispheres. A significant association between acquired sociopathy and right hemisphere damage was found in men, whereas lesions were bilateral in most women with acquired sociopathy. We found 85 cases of acquired sociopathy due to bilateral (N = 48) and unilateral (N = 37) hemispheric injuries. In the present review, we carried out a comprehensive literature survey seeking possible interactions between gender and hemispheric asymmetry in acquired sociopathy. Moreover, researchers have presented evidence that lesion laterality and gender may interact in the production of acquired sociopathy. These cases indicate that at least in a few individuals (a') neural structures beyond the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are also critical for normal social behavior, and (b') the neural underpinnings of social cognition may be lateralized to one cerebral hemisphere. Over the past three decades, cases of acquired sociopathy with (a) bilateral or (b) unilateral sparing of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex have been reported. ![]() The emergence of enduring antisocial personality changes in previously normal individuals, or “acquired sociopathy,” has consistently been reported in patients with bilateral injuries of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Our study demonstrates that longitudinally measured phenotypes have the potential to unmask novel associations, adding time as a dimension to the effects of genomics. In the replication study, rs150547358 exhibited a similar effect estimate beta = 0.85 (95% c.i.: 0.74, 0.97). Implementing data of the FOR2107 consortium (1795 individuals), we replicated these findings for the SNP rs150547358 ( P value = 0.015), analyzing the difference of the two available measurement points two years apart. These were associated with decreased performance on the continuous TMT-B score across time. We identified nine genome-wide significant SNPs for TMT-B in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other on chromosome 5. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with performance change over time by testing for SNP-by-time interactions using linear mixed models. Compared to the initial assessment, executive performance improved across diagnostic groups. Time course was assessed with four measurement points, each 6 months apart. ![]() In the transdiagnostic Ps圜ourse Study, comprising patients of the affective-to-psychotic spectrum and controls, we investigated the genetic basis of the time course of two core executive subfunctions: set-shifting (Trail Making Test, part B (TMT-B)) and updating (Verbal Digit Span backwards) in 1338 genotyped individuals. Executive functions are metacognitive capabilities that control and coordinate mental processes. ![]()
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